HAPLOGROUP X ARRIVAL in AMERICA.
An ancient arrival of haplogroup X could be corroborated by the presence of haplogroup X in pre-Columbian human remains. Two studies on mtDNA variation in pre-Columbian samples have reported partial CR sequences that include the 16223R and 16278T motif. (Hauswirth et al, 1994; Riberiro-Dos-Santos, et al, 1996) However, in the absence of ...more complete ...data it is not possible to definitely assign these pre-Columbian mtDNAs to haplogroup X.
In a third study, Stone and Stoneking (1993, 1998) analyzed mtDNA variation in Skeletal remains of 52 individuals from an Amerindian (Onneota Culture) population, from the Illinois River valley, which dates to 1300 AD. Two of these mtDNAs were not subsumed within Native American haplogroups A-D and partial CR sequence analysis indicated that ... These sequences are essentially identical to those of Ojibwa mtDNAs ... demonstrating the presence of haplogroup X in the Americas prior to European introgression. [Michael D. Brown et al, 1998]
Comment: The earliest, confirmed occurrence of haplogroup X genetics is only two centuries before Columbus. The Vikings may have driven Albans to America five centuries before Columbus. The Norse-Alban culture from Greenland may have come to America one and a half centuries before Columbus.
The genetic data, reported so far, appears to support the hypothesis that the Albans carried the haplogroup X genetic markers to American about a millennium ago. Definite genetic markers for Norse arrival in America, three centuries later, may be obscured because of the intermarriage of Norse men and local women in the Northern Islands, Iceland, and Greenland.
